Proteins in food and other hormones produced by the gut in response to food also stimulate insulin release. Hormones released in times of acute stress, such as adrenaline , stop the release of insulin, leading to higher blood glucose levels to help cope with the stressful event. Insulin works in tandem with glucagon , another hormone produced by the pancreas. While insulin's role is to lower blood sugar levels if needed, glucagon's role is to raise blood sugar levels if they fall too low.
Using this system, the body ensures that the blood glucose levels remain within set limits, which allows the body to function properly. If a person accidentally injects more insulin than required, e. This leads to abnormally low blood glucose levels called hypoglycaemia. The body reacts to hypoglycaemia by releasing stored glucose from the liver in an attempt to bring the levels back to normal. Low glucose levels in the blood can make a person feel ill.
The body mounts an initial 'fight back' response to hypoglycaemia through a specialised set of of nerves called the sympathetic nervous system. This causes palpitations, sweating, hunger, anxiety, tremor and pale complexion that usually warn the person about the low blood glucose level so this can be treated.
However, if the initial blood glucose level is too low or if it is not treated promptly and continues to drop, the brain will be affected too because it depends almost entirely on glucose as a source of energy to function properly. This can cause dizziness, confusion, fits and even coma in severe cases. Some drugs used for people with type 2 diabetes , including sulphonylureas e. The body responds in the same way as if excess insulin has been given by injection.
Furthermore, there is a rare tumour called an insulinoma that occurs with an incidence of per million population. It is a tumour of the beta cells in the pancreas.
Patients with this type of tumour present with symptoms of hypoglycaemia. People with diabetes have problems either making insulin, how that insulin works or both. The main two types of diabetes are type 1 and type 2 diabetes, although there are other more uncommon types. People with type 1 diabetes produce very little or no insulin at all.
This condition is caused when the beta cells that make insulin have been destroyed by antibodies these are usually substances released by the body to fight against infections , hence they are unable to produce insulin. With too little insulin, the body can no longer move glucose from the blood into the cells, causing high blood glucose levels. A person can take different types of insulin based on how long they need the effects of the supplementary hormone to last.
People most often deliver insulin into the subcutaneous tissue, or the fatty tissue located near the surface of the skin. People use fast-acting insulin to correct hyperglycemia, or high blood sugar, as well as control blood sugar spikes after eating.
This type enters the bloodstream at a slower rate but has a longer-lasting effect. It is most effective at managing blood sugar overnight, as well as between meals. Long-acting insulin analogs are the only available type, and these have an onset of between 1. While different brands have different durations, they range between 12 and 24 hours in total. Learn more about diabetes treatment by clicking here. Insulin is a vital hormone that controls how cells and tissues absorb energy as well as the breakdown of fats and proteins.
Clusters of cells in the pancreas called islets secrete this hormone. When cells in the body respond less to its instructions, insulin resistance is increasing. In some people, the immune system attacks the islets, halting insulin production and leading to type 1 diabetes.
Type 2 diabetes occurs when insulin resistance coexists with a lack of compensatory increase in insulin production. People can take insulin shots to counteract the effects of insulin resistance. There are fast, intermediate, and long-acting insulins that a person would take depending on how quickly they need to see a drop in blood sugar and the duration for which a person needs to control blood sugar.
People with type 1 diabetes need to take insulin to stay healthy. Doctors sometimes also prescribe insulin for people with type 2 diabetes or…. Hyperglycemia is a term for high blood sugar levels. It can indicate diabetes and cause severe health problems without careful blood sugar management. Type 1 diabetes usually appears at a younger age than type 2, and it is not preventable. It happens when the body does not produce enough insulin…. When glucose can't enter the cells in this way, doctors call it insulin resistance.
Although there's plenty of insulin in the person's body, because it doesn't work properly, the pancreas still detects high blood sugar levels. This makes the pancreas produce even more insulin. The pancreas may eventually wear out from working overtime to produce extra insulin. When this happens, it may no longer be able to produce enough insulin to keep blood sugar levels where they should be. In general, when someone's blood sugar levels are repeatedly high, it's a sign that he or she has diabetes.
What makes people more likely to develop type 2 diabetes? No one knows for sure. But experts have a few ideas about what puts a person at greater risk:. People who have type 2 diabetes may not know it because the symptoms aren't always obvious and they can take a long time to develop.
Some people don't have any symptoms at all. Also, people whose bodies are having problems using insulin or who are overweight may notice something called acanthosis nigricans.
This can cause a dark ring around the neck that doesn't wash off, as well as thick, dark, velvety skin under the arms, in between fingers and toes, between the legs, or on elbows and knees. This skin darkening can lighten over time with improvement in insulin resistance. In addition, girls with insulin resistance may have polycystic ovary syndrome PCOS.
In PCOS, the ovaries get bigger and develop fluid-filled sacs called cysts. Girls with this condition often have irregular periods or may stop having periods, and they might have excess facial and body hair. Doctors can say for sure if a person has diabetes by testing blood samples for glucose. Even if someone doesn't have any symptoms of type 2 diabetes, doctors may order blood tests to check for it if the person has certain risk factors for instance, being overweight. Some kids and teens with diabetes may go to a pediatric endocrinologist — a doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating children and teens living with diseases of the endocrine system , such as diabetes and growth problems.
Sometimes people with type 2 diabetes take pills that help the insulin in their bodies work better. Some also need insulin shots or an insulin pump to control their diabetes. People with type 2 diabetes have to pay a little more attention to what they're eating and doing than people who don't have diabetes. They may need to:.
People with type 2 diabetes might have to eat smaller food portions and less salt or fat, too.
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