However, the great expanse of the Ottoman Empire also leaves room for each community, geographically and culturally, to interpret and implement the rules and regulations of the empire differently, if they were respected at all. This applies not only to the term but to the millet system as well. The Greek Orthodox Church was the first to be recognized as millet in , as it was the official religion of the conquered Byzantine or Eastern Roman Empire.
The amount of authority granted to each millet is especially evident in civil and legal matters. The millet had control over all internal disputes and agreements, such as marriage, divorce, inheritance, other matters of personal status, and the distribution and collection of taxes Bates, Rassam, p. In reality, Muslim courts were commonly used by dhimmis , for the resulting decision was perhaps worth more than conclusions made in millet courts Martin.
Thus with respect for the authority of the Sultan and the Empire, dhimmis could generally live in peace. As the Ottoman Empire declined in the nineteenth century, 17 millets were recognized by the Ottoman state including the Armenian and Assyrian Churches, and Jews officially in Bates, Rassam, p.
The millet system continued to work well both socially and economically with some exceptions until the rise of nationalism began to divide the people ethnically instead of religiously Martin and Encarta. Ali Efendi , supra note See also for example I. Ali Efendi , supra note 20; R. Ali Efendi , supra note 20; Murphey, supra note 62, p. Belge , supra note 6; S. Mojab ed.
In van Bruinessen , supra note 52, p. Belge , supra note Makdisi , supra note 84, p. Hurst, London, p. Anderson , supra note 82, p. Barkey , supra note 8; K. McCarthy , supra note Chirot and M. Seligman eds. Tauris, London, pp. Makdisi , supra note 84; Kasaba, supra note 22; Deringil, supra note 92; E. Rogan , supra note Makdisi , supra note Alkan , supra note Makdisi , supra note 84; Berkes, supra note Ulker , supra note Makdisi , supra note 84; Deringil, supra note Kelly ed. Lewis , supra note , p.
Kymlicka , supra note ; B. Kymlicka , supra note , p. Nimni , supra note Quer , supra note , p. Nimni , supra note , p. Reference Works. Primary source collections.
Open Access Content. Contact us. Sales contacts. Publishing contacts. Social Media Overview. Terms and Conditions. Privacy Statement. As a result, they were often discriminated against by the state. In contrast, other scholars may argue that the position of minorities under the Ottomans was lenient compared to minority treatment elsewhere in the world, such as in certain parts of Europe.
The Dhimmi: Jews and Christians under Islam. Indispensable to the Western observer for a full understanding of the complexities of the conflicts in the Middle East, this study analyzes and documents the historical, social, and spiritual realities of the dhimmi peoples—the non-Arab and non-Muslim communities subjected to Muslim domination after the conquest of their territories by Arabs. Users without a subscription are not able to see the full content on this page.
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