Rome acquires Mauretania. With only two men left in the triumvirate, Octavian and Antony turn on each other: the latter is decisively defeated in the battle of Actium.
Antony and Cleopatra. Suicide of Antony. Octavian conquers Egypt. Octavian celebrates triumphs in Rome. Marcus Crassus conquers Moesia. Octavian, to be known henceforth as Augustus, officially becomes the sole ruler of Rome: the beginning of the imperial period. Organization of provincial administration. Wars in NW Spain and Arabia. Galatia falls to the Romans. Augustus continues to consolidate his power. Death of Drusus. Tiberius retires to Rhodes. Lucius and Gaius Caesar, the natural heirs of Augustus, both die young.
Influence of Augustus's wife Livia. Institution of the corps of watchmen vigiles. Augustus encourages population growth by rewarding those who have more children, and penalizing those who have fewer and those who do not marry.
Three legions lost in Germany: the Disaster of Varus. Dedication of the Temple of Concord and the Portico of Livia. Death of Augustus; his funeral. Tiberius becomes emperor. His character. Cappadocia becomes Roman. Deaths of Drusus and Germanicus Caesar. Rise and fall of Sejanus. Tiberius consolidates his hold on power despite revolts and scandals in his family. Gaius Caesar becomes emperor; universally known as Caligula. His excesses.
Claudius becomes emperor and unexpectedly turns out to be a rather good ruler. Britain conquered. Claudius' reign, continued. Claudius dies, poisoned by his wife Agrippina. Nero becomes emperor. Influence of the imperial freedmen. Agrippina gets her comeuppance: Nero has his mother murdered. In Britain, the revolt of Boudicca Buduica in the text. The Great Fire of Rome. Domitius Corbulo conquers Armenia. Nero's tutor Seneca plots to overthrow him, but the conspiracy is found out and Seneca is forced to commit suicide.
Nero's excesses and artistic pretensions. Nero's reign, continued: the rebellion of Vindex in Gaul, the revolt of the Jews put down by Vespasian. Nero overthrown and killed. The brief reigns of Galba and Otho. Vespasian becomes emperor. His son Titus captures Jerusalem and destroys the Temple. Vespasian subdues Egypt. Temple of Jupiter Capitoline rebuilt after its destruction by fire.
Upon the death of Vespasian, Titus becomes emperor for two years. The eruption of Vesuvius that buried Pompeii. A major fire in Rome. Titus's character. His plan was to continue recording events after Severus' death as long as possible, but absence from Italy prevented him giving more than a cursory account of the reign of Severus Alexander and he ended the history with his own retirement.
The Roman History is only partly extant. The portion dealing with the period 69 bc to ad 46 survives in various manuscripts, with substantial lacunae after 6 bc. For the rest we depend on excerpts and epitomes. Like its author, the work is an amalgam of Greek and Roman elements. It is written in Attic Greek, with much antithetical rhetoric and frequent verbal borrowings from the classical authors, esp. Thucydides 2. The debt to Thucydides is more than merely stylistic: like him, Dio is constantly alert to discrepancies between appearances and reality.
In its structure, however, the history revives the Roman tradition of an annalistic record of civil and military affairs arranged by the consular year. Dio shows flexibility in his handling of the annalistic framework: there are many digressions, usually brief; external events of several years are sometimes combined in a single narrative cluster; introductory and concluding sections frame the annalistic narratives of emperors' reigns.
For his own times Dio could draw on his own experience or oral evidence, but for earlier periods he was almost entirely dependent on literary sources, chiefly earlier histories. Attempts to identify individual sources are usually futile. Dio must have read widely in the first ten years, and in the ensuing twelve years of writing up he probably worked mainly from his notes without going back to the originals.
He belonged to a wealthy family Dio Chrysostom was his grandfather and became a senator during the reign of Commodus , was made consul by Septimius Severus , served as governor in Asia, Africa , and Pannonia Superior, and had the rare distinction of being made consul for a second time, together with the emperor Severus Alexander Dio started his literary activity in the s and wrote his Roman History in the years It is a marvelous book. In later became governor of Africa , Dalmatia and Pannonia In he was elected consul.
Dio spent twelve years writing his book Roman History. Like most Roman historians Dio concentrates on the main political and military events and rarely writes about social and economic developments.
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